Human Development Index Free Essays

Presentation: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measurement used to rank nations by level of â€Å"human development† and separate â€Å"very high human development†, â€Å"high human development†, â€Å"medium human development†, and â€Å"low human development† nations. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a relative proportion of future, proficiency, training and ways of life for nations around the world. It is a standard methods for estimating prosperity, particularly youngster government assistance. We will compose a custom exposition test on Human Development Index or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now It is utilized to recognize whether the nation is a created, a creating or an immature nation, and furthermore to gauge the effect of financial arrangements on personal satisfaction. There are likewise HDI for states, urban communities, towns, and so forth by neighborhood associations or organizations. Foundation: The birthplaces of the HDI are found in the yearly Human Development Reports of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). These were formulated and propelled by Pakistani business analyst Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the unequivocal reason ‘‘to move the focal point of advancement financial aspects from national salary bookkeeping to individuals focused policies’’. To create the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq united a gathering of notable improvement financial experts including: Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand and Meghnad Desai. In any case, it was Nobel laureate Amartya Sen’s chip away at capacities and functionings that gave the fundamental theoretical system. Haq was certain that a basic composite proportion of human improvement was required so as to persuade the general population, scholastics, and strategy creators that they can and ought to assess advancement by financial advances as well as upgrades in human prosperity. Sen at first contradicted this thought, yet he proceeded to help Haq build up the Human Development Index (HDI). Sen was stressed that it was hard to catch the full multifaceted nature of human abilities in a solitary list however Haq convinced him that lone a solitary number would move the consideration of strategy creators from focus on monetary to human prosperity. Information assortment: Life anticipation during childbirth is given by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs; mean long stretches of tutoring by Barro and Lee (2010); expected long periods of tutoring by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics; and GNI per capita by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. For barely any nations, mean long periods of tutoring are assessed from broadly agent family reviews. Numerous information holes despite everything exist in even some exceptionally essential regions of human advancement pointers. While effectively pushing for the improvement of human advancement information, as a guideline and for useful reasons, the Human Development Report Office doesn't gather information legitimately from nations or make evaluations to fill these information holes in the Report. Measurements and figuring: Published on 4 November 2010, beginning with the 2010 Human Development Report the HDI joins three measurements: 1. A long and solid life: Life hope during childbirth 2. Access to information: Mean long periods of tutoring and Expected long periods of tutoring 3. A not too bad way of life: GNI per capita (PPP US$) The HDI joined three measurements up until its 2010 report: 1. Future during childbirth, as a record of populace wellbeing and life span 2. Information and training, as estimated by the grown-up proficiency rate (with 66% weighting) and the joined essential, auxiliary, and tertiary gross enlistment proportion (with 33% weighting). 3. Way of life, as showed by the common logarithm of total national output per capita at buying power equality. New strategy for 2010 information onwards: In its 2010 Human Development Report the UNDP started utilizing another technique for ascertaining the HDI. The accompanying three records are utilized: LE ¬-20 1. Future Index (LEI) = 63. 2 vMYSI . EYSI 2. Training Index (EI) = 0. 951 ln (GNIpc) †ln (163) 3. Salary Index (II) = ln(108,211) †ln (163) Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the past three standardized files: HDI = v LEI . EI . II 2010 report: The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was discharged on November 4, 2010, and figures HDI values dependent on gauges for 2010. Reactions: The Human Development Index has been scrutinized on various grounds, including inability to incorporate any biological contemplations, concentrating solely on national execution and positioning (albeit numerous national Human Development Reports, taking a gander at subnational execution, have been distributed by UNDP and othersâ€so this last case is false), not giving a lot of consideration to improvement from a worldwide point of view and dependent on grounds of estimation blunder of the fundamental measurements and recipe changes by the UNDP which can prompt serious misclassifications of nations in the classifications of being a ‘low’, ‘medium’, ‘high’ or ‘very high’ human evelopment nation. Different creators guaranteed that the Human Development Reports â€Å"have put some distance between their unique vision and the list neglects to catch the pith of the world it looks to portray†. The record has likewise been condemn ed as â€Å"redundant† and a â€Å"reinvention of the wheel†, estimating parts of improvement that have just been thoroughly examined. The record has additionally been scrutinized for having a wrong treatment of pay, lacking year-to-year similarity, and surveying improvement distinctively in various gatherings of nations. Business analyst Bryan Caplan has condemned the way HDI scores are delivered; every one of the three parts are limited somewhere in the range of zero and one. Because of that, rich nations viably can't improve their rating (and in this manner their positioning comparative with different nations) in specific classifications, despite the fact that there is a ton of degree for financial development and life span left. â€Å"This viably implies that a nation of immortals with vast per-capita GDP would get a score of . 66 (lower than South Africa and Tajikistan) if its populace were ignorant and never went to class. † He contends, â€Å"Scandinavia ends up as the winner as per the HDI on the grounds that the HDI is essentially a proportion of how Scandinavian your nation is. † Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer talk about the HDI from the point of view of information blunder in the fundamental wellbeing, instruction and pay insights used to deve lop the HDI. 18] They recognize three wellsprings of information mistake which are because of (I) information refreshing, (ii) recipe modifications and (iii) limits to characterize a country’s advancement status and locate that 11%, 21% and 34% of all nations can be deciphered as of now misclassified in the improvement receptacles because of the three wellsprings of information blunder, separately. The creators recommend that the United Nations should end the act of ordering nations into improvement canisters in light of the fact that the cut-off qualities appear to be subjective, can give motivators to key conduct in revealing authority measurements, and can possibly mislead government officials, financial specialists, good cause donators and people in general everywhere which utilize the HDI. In 2010 the UNDP responded to the analysis and refreshed the limits to order countries as low, medium and high human advancement nations. In a remark to The Economist toward the beginning of January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded[24] to a January 6, 2011 article in The Economist which talks about the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office expresses that they embraced a methodical update of the strategies utilized for the estimation of the HDI and that the new approach straightforwardly addresses the study by Wolff et al. in that it creates a framework for ceaseless refreshing of the human improvement classifications at whatever point equation or information updates happen. Coming up next are normal reactions aimed at the HDI: that it is an excess measure that adds little to the estimation of the individual estimates forming it; that it is a way to give authenticity to subjective weightings of a couple of parts of social turn of events; that it is a number delivering a relative positioning which is futile for between worldly correlations, and hard to look at a country’s progress or relapse since the HDI for a nation in a given year relies upon the degrees of, state, future or GDP per capita of different nations in that year. In any case, every year, UN part states are recorded and positioned by the processed HDI. Assuming high, the position in the rundown can be effortlessly utilized as a methods for national magnification; then again, assuming low, it very well may be utilized to feature national inadequacies. Utilizing the HDI as a flat out file of social government assistance, a few creators have utilized board HDI information to quantify the effect of monetary approaches on personal satisfaction. Ratan Lal Basu reprimands the HDI idea from a totally extraordinary point. As indicated by him the Amartya Sen-Mahbub ul Haq idea of HDI thinks about that arrangement of material civilities alone would achieve Human Development, yet Basu opines that Human Development in the genuine sense should grasp both material and good turn of events. As indicated by him human advancement dependent on HDI alone, is like dairy ranch financial aspects to improve dairy ranch yield. To cite: ‘So human improvement exertion ought not wind up in enhancement of material hardships alone: it must attempt to realize profound and moral advancement to help the biped to turn out to be genuinely human. [31] For instance, a high self destruction rate would cut the record down. A couple of creators have proposed elective files to address a portion of the index’s deficiencies. Notwithstanding, of those proposed options in contrast to the HDI, few have produc

Positivism Strict Scientific Method Free Essays

Positivism is a way of thinking that expressed that the main true information is logical information, and that such information can just originate from positive certification of speculations through severe logical technique. The primary purpose of the positivist research will in general follow certain logical and quantifiable techniques to direct an exploration. A positivist methodology is one that is viewed as goal, disengaged and on the off chance that I may put that way, organized by the researcher’s sees who test a speculation. We will compose a custom paper test on Positivism: Strict Scientific Method or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now It is typically connected with quantitative information assortment techniques and measurable examination. The positivist scientist attempt to be at a worth free, fair and nonpartisan in all regard while leading the analyst under the suppositions positivism. â€Å"Using logical strategy and language to examine and expound on human experience should keep the examination liberated from the qualities, interests, legislative issues and belief system of the scientist. This way to deal with explore is called positivist, or positivist-empiricist and it is the prevailing one among the overall population. (Anne B Ryan) Positivism considers social to be as a sorted out strategy for joining deductive rationale with exact experimental perceptions of individual conduct so as to find and affirm a lot of probabilistic causal laws that can be utilized to foresee general examples of human movement. On a similar time positivism approach saw as wasteful when we incorporate social structure of society, life intricacy and other issue which can’t be secured when we attempt to utilize the quantitative strategies to direct the examination. This logical methodology which positivism upholds is properly thought to be insufficient with regards to finding out about how individuals live, how they see the world, how they adapt to it, how they change it, etc. †(Anne B Ryan) In the positivism just those points has been chosen those having an open circle and with the mix of numerical and specialized bit of leeway since look into described by these standards viewed as effective and dependable in the positivism play area. Marxism, depends on tests and confirmation, target understanding, history, logical rationale and thinking for securing information. Marxism is completely science arranged on the grounds that fact dependent on trials and confirmation is its premise †its whole structure lays on logical investigations, and logical truth. Marxism holds that on the topic of knowing truth science is definitely more impressive than the intensity of a person. Under Marxian approach it is just normal to rely upon science as opposed to upon the conviction Orientalism is a type of social investigations where the idea of orientalism or the contrast among east and west is base of the hypothesis. With the beginning of European colonization the Europeans interacted with the lesser created nations of the east. They discovered their progress and culture outlandish, and set up the study of orientalism, which was the investigation of the orientals or the individuals from these colorful human advancement. In this procedure Europeans partitioned the world into two sections; the east and the west or the occident and the orient or the acculturated and the uncouth. This was absolutely a counterfeit limit; and it was laid based on the idea of them and us or theirs and our own. The Europeans utilized orientalism to characterize themselves. Some specific qualities were related with the orientals, and whatever the orientals weren’t the occidents were. The Europeans characterized themselves as the better race thought about than the orientals; and they legitimized their colonization by this idea. They said that it was their obligation towards the world to acculturate the uncouth world. The primary issue, in any case, emerged when the Europeans began summing up the properties they connected with orientals, and began depicting these counterfeit qualities related with orientals in their western world through their logical reports, artistic work, and other media sources. What happened was that it made a specific picture about the orientals in the European brain and in doing that injected a predisposition in the European demeanor towards the orientals. This partiality was additionally found in the orientalists and all their logical research and reports were affected by this. The summed up traits related with the orientals can be seen even today, for instance, the Arabs are characterized as unseemly individuals; and Islam is viewed as religion of the psychological oppressor. Another component of orientalism was that the way of life of the orientals was disclosed to the European crowd by connecting them toward the western culture. Step by step instructions to refer to Positivism: Strict Scientific Method, Papers

Trade Unions - A Future Essays - Labour Relations, Labor

Worker's guilds - A Future? Worker's guilds - a future? ?A worker's guild is an independant automatic association of laborers made to secure and propel the interests of its individuals through aggregate activity.? Over ongoing years, it has gotten in vogue in numerous quarters to discount Britain's worker's organizations, to mark them as out of date establishments withdrawn from new real factors and unequipped for change. In this day and age of individual business contracts, execution related compensation plans, Human Resource and Total Quality Management and the various elements of the purported ?new' working environment, worker's organizations are frequently viewed as chronologically misguided deterrents forestalling accomplishment of the market economy. As aggregate deliberate associations that speak to representatives in the working environment, it is contended, worker's organizations not, at this point fill a valuable need. The fundamental need of this paper is to speak to the contentions for and against the pertinence of worker's guilds in todays working society. Besides, I will remark on the fate of the worker's organization development, in view of the realities and discoveries that helped build this content. Worker's guilds exist in light of the fact that an individual laborer has next to no capacity to impact choices that are made about their activity. The best preferred position in joining a worker's organization is on the grounds that, thusly, people have progressively possibility of having a voice and impact in their work environment. By uniting with different laborers, a person's sentiments and convictions in regards to their activity will likewise be voiced by other endorsers, in this way making a more grounded position against the executives, if necessary. In this way, the fundamental reason for a worker's guild is to ensure and improve individuals' compensation and states of business. This goal is generally accomplished through exchange and portrayal. Exchange is the place association delegates talk about with the executives, issues which influence individuals working in an association. The association discovers the individuals' perspectives and transfers these perspectives to the board. Pay, working hours, occasions and changes to working practices are the kind of issues that are arranged. In any case, not all perspectives will be accepted by the executives; there might be a distinction of supposition among them and endorsers. Arrangement, in this manner, is tied in with finding an answer for these distinctions. This procedure is otherwise called aggregate bartering. ?In numerous working environments there is a proper understanding between the association and the organization, which expresses that the association has the privilege to haggle with the business. In these associations, associations are said to be perceived for aggregate dealing purposes.? Individuals who work in associations where associations are perceived are better paid, and are less inclined to be made repetitive than individuals who work in associations where associations are not perceived. Most aggregate dealing happens unobtrusively and understandings are immediately reached by the association and the business. Every so often contradictions do happen, and in these cases the association may choose to make modern move. ?On the off chance that the issue can't be settled genially, the issue may go to a modern council.? The motivation behind modern courts is to ensure that representatives and businesses adjust to work laws. They are comprised of individuals outside the working environment who make a judgment about the case, in light of the worker's and boss' perspective. Cases that go to mechanical councils are for the most part about compensation, unreasonable excusal, repetition or separation at work. The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) is frequently used to help discover an answer for a contest, which is worthy to the two sides. ?Its obligation under the Employment Protection Act is to advance the improvement of mechanical relations and specifically to energize the augmentation of aggregate bartering. Additionally to create (and where important to change) aggregate dealing apparatus. Its principle capacities are: warning work, aggregate mollification, singular pacification, discretion, and broadened examination concerning modern relations issues.? People can be spoken to in terms of professional career associations when they experience issues at work. In the event that a worker feels that they are by and large unjustifiably treated, the person in question can request that the association agent help sort out the trouble with the director or boss. Aside from exchange and portrayal, numerous different advantages can be picked up by joining a worker's guild. One of these advantages is the way that associations can offer their individuals lawful portrayal. Typically this is to help individuals to get budgetary remuneration for business related wounds,

Research Paper Writing Services

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Essay on The American Dream - 1459 Words

The American Dream in Death of a Salesman, The Great Gatsby, and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets Millions of immigrants come to America each year to seek their American Dream. Many people believe that rising social mobility and success is possible in America for everyone due to the American social, economic, and political system. From Abraham Lincoln to Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, countless Americans have risen from rags to riches and success. However, is the Dream†¦show more content†¦The reason that Willy does not succeed in accomplishing his goal is because: Reality falls short of the dream in part because man chooses the wrong dream. And man chooses the wrong dream because he does not know himself†¦.[h]e never achieves a sense of personal dignity and of his rightful place in society because, not knowing who he is, he cannot make the right choices. The theme of the play, then, seems to be that every man must come to know himself or he is lost (Eisinger) For example, many of Willy’s desires are agrarian based, including wanting his own house or homestead and growing his own food to provide for his family. Willy also enjoys working outdoors with his hands. However, because of the social pressures around him to accomplish a white-collared dream, he chooses the popular dream of a salesman. In addition, Willy creates a faà §ade of success around himself. Therefore, he is devastated and loses his personal dignity with the loss of his job. In the article, â€Å"Dead Suit Walking†, Rich Marin and Tony Dokoupil show that the loss of a job can cause men to feel they are losing their manhood. By boxing himself into a socially imposed dream, Willy fails miserably and becomes unhappy as he feels unfulfilled. In contrast to Willy, several other characters in the play are able to achieve their dreams. For example, Dave Singleman is a successful salesman who achieves â€Å"[s]uccess, esteem, and affection†¦ andShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Shooting an Elephant bye George Orwell - 1019 Words

People often do favors to please others, even if it means a loss of dignity. George Orwell’s short story, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, is an ideal example. In the story, Orwell, the main character, works as a policeman in Burma in the 1930s for the British Empire. One day, an elephant tramples loose, and although Orwell has no intent on shooting the elephant, a mob of native Burmese pressures Orwell to shoot the elephant. He reluctantly acquiesces to prevent being humiliated. After that experience, Orwell writes â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† to demonstrate native resentment of the British through mood, to reveal the tyranny of imperialism and its effects on the natives through imagery, and to informs the reality of the natives manipulating the British through foreboding diction. All of these purposes support Orwell’s ultimate purpose of ending imperialism and colonization. Orwell sets a mood of resentment in the exposition by revealing the animosity felt by the natives about foreign rule. He starts off the story stating, â€Å"IN MOULMEIN, IN LOWER BURMA, I was hated by large numbers of people--the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me† (Orwell 1). In the first sentence of the story, Orwell reveals the negative mood and setting, which signifies their utmost importance. This bitter aura shows that Orwell is unpopular with the natives, and tensions between them runs high. In fact these feelings are so detrimental to Orwell, he almost goes insane.

Nike Logistic Distribution Channel diagram & Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Logistic Management and Strategy of Nike. Answer: Nike ships products directly to customers Direct to consumer advertising or marketing is a popular form of marketing endorsement that is aimed in the direction of the end patient rather than healthcare professionals. Nikes distribution system was traditional system in which the customers used to get their products through the vendors. However, after the introduction of social media everything changes. The biggest change that social media brought with itself is the change in business concepts (Distelhorst et al. 2016). Most of the business organizations started to use social media as their promotional tool. However, things changes when some companies started online sites from when customers can buy products without walking into shops. Nike noticed this trend in business and saw that some organizations gained tremendous success through this process. Aamazon is the biggest example of that. After that the management of Nike decided to hop into e-commerce and introduced their online shopping site named as Nike.com (Ross 2013). In a little time the organization realized that their decision was not wrong as they started to gain more attention and from customers and their profit started to go up in an unexpected manner. That was the time when the management of the organization decided to enhance this process in order to strengthen their market hold. Nike has started to use Direct to Consumer (DTC) channels in order to improve their brand statement and to push sales of premium products. Through DTC, Nike is able to have better flexibility over pricing, inventory and commodities decisions. The management of the organization expected that, as DTC channels sales are periphery accretive, it will help the association to reach its target of a 0.4-0.6 percentage point growth in its gross margin each year through fiscal 2020 (Hoejmose et al. 2013). From the figure 1, it can be said that Nike was able to meet its targets till date by using DTC channels. However, there were some other major reasons that allowed Nike to implement such as channel in their supply chain. Figure 1: E-commerce sale of Nike (Source: Schaltegger and Burritt 2014) Marketing department of Nike could understand that web services will provide greater options to Nike which will give them a competitive edge over its customers and will provide a better customer services. Besides, the organization also understood that being a sports good selling company, they must have a digital initiative which will serve as an important source of customer data helping them to develop new products targeted as specific consumer segments (Buddress 2013). Besides, Nike also understood that social media is a necessary tool for engaging with the customer that will help its marketing team to provide better customized and personalized options. Product customization by NiKEiD and improvements it its SNKRS app was introduced in February 2015. These options allows Nike to stay ahead of new footwear brands such as Skechers that reported a sales growth of over 30% in the year of 2015 (Kozlenkova 2015). More importantly, e-commerce business has emerged as a profitable one and a margin enhancer for all the business organizations. It is also responsible for attracting more customers towards a brand. For example, if a customer is looking for a sports shoe and walks into a retailer shop, the retailers will obviously prioritize what sells (Pullman and Collins 2013). If that customer is not sure about a pair of shoes from Nike, but they can close the same deal by buying a Reebok, retailers will sell the Reebok shoes to them without thinking twice. This situation will not take place in case of e-commerce selling which is direct to customer process. Besides, at its initial stage, Nike.com helped the organization to acquire more sale than any other competitor in the market there it came out to be a profitable venture for the organization. According to Qrunfleh and Tarafdar (2014), direct to consumer sales of Nike grew by 15% and reached to $3.7 billion in the last quarter of 2015 which was s upported by a 10% increase in same-store sale and high growth in their e-commerce channel. As mentioned by Shi and Yu (2013), rise of upgraded mobile technologies, technologies related to social and cloud processes, customer expectations continue to rise. Customers are nowadays looking for a more seamless experience. In the industry from where Nike belongs, customer experience is a new battlefield. It is considered as a major competitive advantage that attracts and keeps customers. Direct to consumer sales process through online sites allows business organizations to envision how the customer journey should take place. As a result, marketing team of that company can implement the tactics necessary to make that vision a reality (Sajjad et al. 2015). Nike management considered these points and then decided to open direct to consumer channels. Another major reason behind Nikes decision to open direct to consumer is the facility of DTC that allows an organization to collect customer behaviour data. Direct to consumer channels are a big chance for companies to develop the lifetime value of consumers because those companies can garner knowledge about their consumers and tailor personalized sopping experiences them. However, it is also true that data cannot provide a complete knowledge on the current customer behaviour; therefore, an organization should also use traditional channels to keep a steady communication with the customers (Lemke and Petersen 2013). Nikes decision to implement direct to consumer channel was also influenced by the introduction of several newly launched organizations that are having unique marketing style. The organization decided to reach to its customers more precisely and that is why they decided to hop in e-commerce business. Reasons to start satellite centres In spite of having traditional centralized model, Nike is planning to have satellite centres. In this new distribution model inventory will be managed through both the central warehouse and the satellites. This process is mostly used in European logistics organizations for each market channel (Tachizawa and Wong 2015). However, this needs central coordination of stocking policies for the individual satellites. The management of Nike realized that full supply chain visibility is highly important for the organization where central warehouse will be able to view stock levels, original demand and sales forecast for each satellite facility. This type of visibility will help Nike to continuously optimize order delivery. This can be done either by direct deliveries to customers from the central warehouse or by deliveries from satellite facilities. It will also help Nike to optimise its inventory continuously through location or relocation of products and stock among central warehouse and lo cal satellites. As mentioned by Xu et al. (2014), this type of visibility will help Nike to facilitate cross-docking and combine-in-transit activities at all warehouse locations. It will also help to strengthen the tracking and tracing of goods and orders across the total supply chain. It will allow Nike management to easily perform and maintain control over the flow of goods. Virtual warehousing is a famous model of supply chain that creates full visibility of inventory at all stocking points within a specific area. In this way, an organization can fulfil any kind of order from anywhere in the network without considering where the goods are stored. However, some organizations still prefer flexible warehouse solutions and Nike is one of them. Nike decided to follow the model after Wal-Mart gained extreme success with it. Wal-Mart was the first organization that introduced companywide use of Universal Product Code bar codes (Ageron et al. 2012). It helps to collect and analyze store level information. At Wal-Mart, their retail link stays connected with the analysts who forecast supplier stress to supplier network that shows real-time sales data from cash registers and to the distribution centres of Wal-Mart. In this supply chain, suppliers and manufactures harmonize their demand projections under a concerted planning, forecasting and replacement scheme. Eac h of these schemes in the chain remains connected through technology that contains central database, store-level point-of-sale systems and a satellite network. This type of supply chain is another major reason of Wal-Marts immense success. All the information that is collected are shared with the partners. In addition, Wal-Mart also networked its distributors via computers. The organization entered into cooperation with PG in order to maintain the inventory in its stores which helped them to develop an automated re-ordering system. This automated re-ordering system created a connection among all the computers of PG factory though satellite communication system. Then PG delivered the item either to Wal-Mart allocation centre or unswervingly to the store. Nike management noticed this operational advantages of using satellites in supply chain management and that is why the management decided to use satellite centres in their supply chain management. According to Cruz (2013), supply chain cost of online accessories retailing are twice the distribution costs of traditional systems. Traditional distribution channels are much more efficient as customers do the most labour-intensive work for the retailer by picking the order from the store and transporting products. Cost of such activities are nearly 10% if the consumer price. Besides, organization have to pay recruit well-trained and qualified workers to do this tasks without any type of error. After analyzing the advantages that Wal-Mart gained through their satellites, Nike was influenced to use the same in their supply chain management. Besides, supply chain satellite offers objective insights into a companys logistics procurement strategy that in turn supports decision making related to logistics outsourcing. Supply chain satellite is known as a joint venture of Supply chain media, Nyenrode University, DSV and Districon. This supply chain model generally uses a four quadrant model to envisage a companys location within the strategic landscape (Porteous and Rammohan 2013). The first step is used to scrutinize the current situation which is an exercise of self-reflection that helps to decide which types of logistic systems an organization wants to use. That is why, in spite of having a centralized supply chain system, Nike decided to open a satellite centre of their own. Pros and Cons of labelling and packing in distributive centres The main purposes of packaging are protection of product, attractiveness of product, co-operation with channel and segmentation. It is known as a technology for protecting products for distribution, storage, sale and use. According to (), packaging is also described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport warehousing sale and use. On the other hand, labelling is known as a written or graphic communication on the package or on a disconnected but associated label. Both the systems have some advantages for which they are an important operational part of distribution channel. Advantages of packaging: Packaging provides different advantages to different types of segments. Some advantages of packaging are provided below, Advantage to manufacturers: Packaging helps the manufactures of Nike to keep the product safe while transporting it. Packaging also helps to facilitate storage and also helps in advertising and sales promotional activities. Besides, it is responsible for increasing demand and profits of an organization. Advantage of middleman: Packaging will help the middlemen to store the product in is proper place. Based on the packaging, it will be easy to exhibit it before the customers. By Looking at the packaging, the workers working in a warehouse will be able to understand what is inside the package and they will be able to handle it accordingly. Advantages of customers: Packaging will reduce the chances of tarnishing and it is also helpful in providing important knowledge about the product and the organization that manufactured it. It also includes steps and instructions from which customers will be able to understand the procedure through which the product will be used. Advantages of labelling: Labelling is not different from packaging and all its advantages are nearly same as the advantages of packaging. Labelling will allow the manufacturing organization which is Nike to give a clear instruction about the users of the product. As a result of labelling, the manufacturing organization can make sure that the product is being sold by its original price. Labelling also helps to develop manufacturer and buyer relation. As a result, manufacturers are encouraged to develop only standard products which buyers can easily identify. Besides, from labelling, a user can get various types of information about the product like the date of manufacturing and the date of expire. However, in case of Nike this advantage will not count, However, by the process of labelling a user will be able to understand if this product will meet his demands or not. Disadvantages of packaging and labelling: In case for labelling, if the customer is illiterate it will not help him to understand the product and its features. Besides, adding a proper label that will include every bit of information about the product will increase the cost of the product (Tachizawa and Wong 2015). On the other hand, labelling is only effective where standardization is compulsory. Sometimes labelling becomes the only tool for the customers to compare it with other product. Most of the customers do not even bother to use it to feel its performances. This eventually ends in abandonment of a product in support of the other. In case of packaging, the main reason of its disadvantage is the cost associated with it. According to Porteous and Rammohan (2013), packaging can increase price of a product up to 40% of the selling price. On the other hand, packaging is accountable for important portions of the waste stream. A report published by Ashland Food Cooperative, packaging is alone responsible for one third of land filling the United States. It is also true that products that use more packaging consume more resources production. It is found that nearly 12 million barrels of oil are used to make water bottles and one pound of polystyrene uses about two pounds of stock of petroleum. Another biggest advantage of packaging in distributive centre rather than in factory will come from the distributive company. Distributive organizations also look for ways to promote their brand image and they choose the products to do so (Xiao et al. 2014). So many times it is seen that the distribution company has repacked a pr oduct by using their logo in order to improve their brand image towards the customers. Besides, in some cases it is also seen that distribution organization are changing the labels related to the price of the products as per their requirement. This will hamper the brand image o the manufacturing organization and they will lose the loyalty of the customers. From the above discussion, it is clear that packaging and labelling has both advantages and disadvantages. However, it is true that it is not possible to transport a product without giving it proper packaging and labelling in order protect is from theft and misuse. Pros and Cons of material handling service by Nike According to the traditional definition, the material handling services are considered as the activities for storing, protecting, controlling as well as moving the materials throughout various operational divisions. These divisions can be ranged from customer provision, distribution, and disposal as well as manufacturing. Just like any other service it also includes several major advantages as well as disadvantages, while Nikes operational success is concerned (Martel and Klibi 2016). The major advantages of the material handling services are described below: Accident elimination: Nike will be able to control the distribution of the materials properly so that there will be limited chance of any accident. The company effectively focuses on careful handling of the materials, which help them to avoid any kind of hindrance regarding the supply of the materials to the customers as well as various divisions of the operation (Ivanov et al. 2016). Besides, it is also important to protect the products from theft or the prevention of misuse. Material handling will help Nike to eliminate those problems while it is transported to consumers or to any distribution centre. Stress and effort reduction: Nike will be also able to reduce the effort and stress associated with the supply operation of the companys materials. In this context, it has been identified that Nike highly emphasize on eradication of the factors, which are challenging as well as risky for the supply operation. These factors are mostly ineffective workers as well as non-functional equipment (Albert et al. 2014). Distribution time minimization: Nike will be able to make the distribution, manufacture as well as storage operation less time consuming. In order to do that, the company focuses on good material handling with relevant and scientific techniques. It will eventually make the supply operation more easy and quick (Distelhorst et al. 2014). It is already discussed that the organization is even using satellite systems to enhance their supply chain management This system will help the organization to handle their storage operations in a better way. Redundant work elimination: The company will be able to identify the unnecessary work, which accumulates with the retail centre based supply chain management. In this context, it is freely acknowledged that companys material handling service will be able to minimize the work and stress. The company can thereby terminate extra workers in an efficient fashion (Martel and Klibi 2016). The extensive study of the supply chain management of Nike has been able to indicate several crucial disadvantages, which plays a very crucial influence on the companys performance. These disadvantages are discussed below: Application of the technology: In order to implement the material handling services properly, Nike will need to initiate several crucial technological systems. In this context, the company will need an experienced and efficient workforce (Ivanov et al. 2016). However, this scenario makes the supply chain management mostly dependent on the technical employees. Management of logistics: As the company is solely responsible for supplying the materials to various operational divisions such as distribution, provision, storage as well as manufacture, they have to work on a very wide-ranging database (Albert et al. 2014). This particular scenario presents a greater concern for the company, as a singly mistake has the potential of high loss. Security of the supply chain: Security for the material handling service poses most critical concern for the company. In this context, it has been identified that the company have to focus on greater supervision and surveillance so that company can avoid any kind of thievery or fraudulent acts (Distelhorst et al. 2014). References Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.168-182. Albert, P.J., Werhane, P. and Rolph, T., 2014. Global Corporations and Supply Chain Management. 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